Aligning Tourism Development with SDG 11 and SDG 14: A Framework for Sustainable Coastal Destination Planning
Keywords:
coastal tourism, SDG 11, SDG 14, destination planning, framework development, sustainability indicators, IndonesiaAbstract
Coastal tourism destinations operate at the intersection of two distinct but interconnected Sustainable Development Goals — SDG 11 (sustainable cities and communities) and SDG 14 (life below water) — yet planning frameworks that explicitly integrate these two goals remain underdeveloped, and most coastal destination plans engage one or the other rather than both. This study aims to construct, validate, and pilot a framework that integrates SDG 11 and SDG 14 indicators into a single coastal destination planning instrument suitable for Indonesian and broader Southeast Asian contexts. The research follows a framework-development design in three stages: (i) systematic mapping of SDG 11 and SDG 14 indicators against coastal destination planning domains; (ii) expert validation through a Delphi-style panel of 17 specialists drawn from academia, government, NGO, and customary-institution sectors; and (iii) pilot application at three contrasting Indonesian coastal destinations — Pangandaran (West Java, mass-tourism beach destination), Gili Trawangan (West Nusa Tenggara, small-island reef destination), and Lombok's Kuta–Mandalika coast (development-frontier destination) — through documentary review, site assessment, and stakeholder interviews. Fieldwork was conducted between January and February 2026. Findings reveal that current coastal destination plans are systematically biased toward SDG 11 indicators (averaging 64% coverage) over SDG 14 indicators (averaging 31% coverage), with the integration domain — where the two SDGs interact — almost entirely absent. The validated framework introduces eight integration indicators that bridge the two SDGs at the planning interface. The study introduces the Coastal Destination SDG Integration Framework (CD-SDGI) and offers practical guidance for destination planners and policymakers seeking to operationalize integrated coastal tourism planning aligned with the 2030 Agenda.
Keywords: coastal tourism; SDG 11; SDG 14; destination planning; framework development; sustainability indicators; Indonesia
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